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Azido-Cy5 tyramide

For many immunohistochemical (IHC) applications, the traditional enzymatic amplification procedures are sufficient for achieving adequate antigen detection. However, several factors limit the sensitivity and utility of these procedures. Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) has proven to be a particularly versatile and powerful enzyme amplification technique with improved assay sensitivity. TSA is based on the ability of HRP, in the presence of low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, to convert labeled tyramine-containing substrate into an oxidized, highly reactive free radical that can covalently bind to tyrosine residues at or near the HRP. To achieve maximal IHC detection, tyramine is prelabeled with a fluorophore. The signal amplification conferred by the turnover of multiple tyramide substrates per peroxidase label translates ultrasensitive detection of low-abundance targets and the use of smaller amounts of antibodies and hybridization probes. In immunohistochemical applications, sensitivity enhancements derived from TSA method allow primary antibody dilutions to be increased to reduce nonspecific background signals, and can overcome weak immunolabeling caused by suboptimal fixation procedures or low levels of target expression. Azido-Cy5 tyramide contains the bright Cy5 that can be readily detected with the standard Cy5 filter set. In addtion, it contains an azide group that can be used as a click chemistry building block.

Example protocol

AT A GLANCE

Protocol Summary
  1. Fix/permeabilize/block cells or tissue
  2. Add primary antibody in blocking buffer
  3. Add HRP-conjugated secondary antibody
  4. Prepare tyramide working solution and apply in cells or tissue for 5-10 minutes at room temperature

PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTIONS

Unless otherwise noted, all unused stock solutions should be divided into single-use aliquots and stored at -20 °C after preparation. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles

Tyramide stock solution (1000X)

Add an appropriate amount of DMSO to make a 1-5 mM tyramide stock solution.

Note: Make single-use aliquots and store unused 1000X stock solution at 2-8 °C, protected from light. Avoid repeat freeze-thaw cycles. 

PREPARATION OF WORKING SOLUTION

Tyramide working solution (1X)

Add 1 µL of the tyramide stock solution into 1 mL of a buffer of your choice containing 0.003% H2O2.

Note: For optimal performance, use Tris Buffer, pH=7.4.

Note: The tyramide working solution should be used immediately and made fresh on the day of use. Avoid direct exposure to light.

Secondary antibody-HRP working solution

Make an appropriate concentration of secondary antibody-HRP working solution per the manufacturer's recommendations.

SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

This protocol is applicable for both cells and tissues staining.

Cell fixation and permeabilization
  1. Fix the cells or tissue with 3.7% formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde, in PBS at room temperature for 20 minutes.

  2. Rinse the cells or tissue with PBS twice.

  3. Permeabilize the cells with 0.1% Triton X-100 solution for 1-5 minutes at room temperature.

  4. Rinse the cells or tissue with PBS twice.

Tissue fixation, deparaffinization and rehydration

Deparaffinize and dehydrate the tissue according to the standard IHC protocols. Perform antigen retrieval with the preferred specific solution/protocol as needed. A protocol can be found at:

https://www.aatbio.com/resources/guides/paraffin-embedded-tissue-immunohistochemistry-protocol.html 

Peroxidase labeling
  1. Optional: Quench endogenous peroxidase activity by incubating cell or tissue sample in a peroxidase quenching solution (such as 3% hydrogen peroxide) for 10 minutes. Rinse with PBS twice at room temperature.

  2. Optional: If using HRP-conjugated streptavidin, it is advisable to block endogenous biotins with biotin blocking buffer. 

  3. Block with preferred blocking solution (such as PBS with 1% BSA) for 30 minutes at 4 °C.

  4. Remove the blocking solution and add the primary antibody diluted in the recommended antibody diluent for 60 minutes at room temperature or overnight at 4°C.

  5. Wash with PBS three times for 5 minutes each.

  6. Apply 100 µL of the secondary antibody-HRP working solution to each sample and incubate for 60 minutes at room temperature.

    Note: Incubation time and concentration can be varied depending on the signal intensity.

  7. Wash with PBS three times for 5 minutes each.

Tyramide labeling
  1. Prepare and apply 100 µL of the tyramide working solution to each sample and incubate for 5-10 minutes at room temperature.

    Note: If you observe a non-specific signal, you can shorten the incubation time with the tyramide reagent. You should optimize the incubation period using positive and negative control samples at various incubation time points. Or you can use a lower concentration of the tyramide reagent in the working solution.

  2. Rinse with PBS three times.

Counterstain and fluorescence imaging
  1. Counterstain the cell or tissue samples as needed. AAT provides a series of nucleus counterstain reagents as listed in Table 1. Follow the instructions provided with the reagents.

  2. Mount the coverslip using a mounting medium with anti-fading properties.

    Note: To ensure optimal results, it is recommended to use either ReadiUse™ microscope mounting solution (Cat. 20009) or FluoroQuest™ TSA/PSA Antifade Mounting Medium *Optimized for Tyramide and Styramide Imaging* (Cat. 44890) instead of Vectashield® mounting media. There are instances where Vectashield® mounting media may not be suitable for certain TSA/PSA conjugates.

  3. Use the appropriate filter set to visualize the signal from the tyramide labeling.

Table 1. Products recommended for nucleus counterstain.

Cat#

Product Name

Ex/Em (nm)

17548

Nuclear Blue™ DCS1

350/461

17550

Nuclear Green™ DCS1

503/526

17551

Nuclear Orange™ DCS1

528/576

17552

Nuclear Red™ DCS1

642/660

Calculators

Common stock solution preparation

Table 1. Volume of DMSO needed to reconstitute specific mass of Azido-Cy5 tyramide to given concentration. Note that volume is only for preparing stock solution. Refer to sample experimental protocol for appropriate experimental/physiological buffers.

0.1 mg0.5 mg1 mg5 mg10 mg
1 mM97.074 µL485.371 µL970.742 µL4.854 mL9.707 mL
5 mM19.415 µL97.074 µL194.148 µL970.742 µL1.941 mL
10 mM9.707 µL48.537 µL97.074 µL485.371 µL970.742 µL

Molarity calculator

Enter any two values (mass, volume, concentration) to calculate the third.

Mass (Calculate)Molecular weightVolume (Calculate)Concentration (Calculate)Moles
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Spectrum

Citations

View all 1 citations: Citation Explorer
Antibody-Driven Proximity Labeling in Fixed Tissues
Authors: Bar, Daniel Z and Collins, Francis S
Journal: (2019): 73--81

References

View all 74 references: Citation Explorer
Tyramide Signal Amplification for Immunofluorescent Enhancement
Authors: Faget L, Hnasko TS.
Journal: Methods Mol Biol (2015): 161
Enhanced detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in fixed tissues by in situ hybridization following tyramide signal amplification
Authors: Trang NT, Hirai T, Ngan PH, Lan NT, Fuke N, Toyama K, Yamamoto T, Yamaguchi R.
Journal: J Vet Diagn Invest (2015): 326
Rapid and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk and ground beef using magnetic bead-based immunoassay coupled with tyramide signal amplification
Authors: Aydin M, Herzig GP, Jeong KC, Dunigan S, Shah P, Ahn S.
Journal: J Food Prot (2014): 100
Multiplexed immunohistochemistry, imaging, and quantitation: a review, with an assessment of Tyramide signal amplification, multispectral imaging and multiplex analysis
Authors: Stack EC, Wang C, Roman KA, Hoyt CC.
Journal: Methods (2014): 46
KSHV cell attachment sites revealed by ultra sensitive tyramide signal amplification (TSA) localize to membrane microdomains that are up-regulated on mitotic cells
Authors: Garrigues HJ, Rubinchikova YE, Rose TM.
Journal: Virology (2014): 75
Page updated on October 11, 2024

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Catalog Number11061
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Physical properties

Molecular weight

1030.14

Solvent

DMSO

Spectral properties

Correction Factor (260 nm)

0.02

Correction Factor (280 nm)

0.03

Correction Factor (482 nm)

0.009

Correction Factor (565 nm)

0.09

Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1)

2500001

Excitation (nm)

651

Emission (nm)

670

Quantum yield

0.271, 0.42

Storage, safety and handling

H-phraseH303, H313, H333
Hazard symbolXN
Intended useResearch Use Only (RUO)
R-phraseR20, R21, R22

Storage

Freeze (< -15 °C); Minimize light exposure
UNSPSC12171501

Platform

Fluorescence microscope

ExcitationCy5 filter set
EmissionCy5 filter set
Recommended plateBlack wall, clear bottom
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