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Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate

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 ACE2 dose response was measure with  Mca-APK(Dnp) substrate.
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Physical properties
Molecular weight696.67
SolventDMSO
Spectral properties
Correction Factor (280 nm)0.3
Excitation (nm)322
Emission (nm)381
Storage, safety and handling
H-phraseH303, H313, H333
Hazard symbolXN
Intended useResearch Use Only (RUO)
R-phraseR20, R21, R22
StorageFreeze (< -15 °C); Minimize light exposure
UNSPSC12171501

OverviewpdfSDSpdfProtocol


See also: Coumarins
Molecular weight
696.67
Correction Factor (280 nm)
0.3
Excitation (nm)
322
Emission (nm)
381
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) is a metalloproteinase that requires a divalent cation positioned at the active site in order to perform catalysis. It has multiple physiological roles that revolve around its trivalent function: a negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, facilitator of amino acid transport, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 receptor. ACE2 has recently been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the infective agent responsible for the coronavirus disease, providing a critical link between immunity, inflammation, ACE2, and cardiovascular disease. Although sharing a close evolutionary relationship with SARS-CoV, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 differs in several key amino acid residues, allowing for stronger binding affinity with the human ACE2 receptor, which may account for the greater pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The loss of ACE2 function following binding by SARS-CoV-2 is driven by endocytosis and activation of proteolytic cleavage and processing. The ACE2 system is a critical protective pathway against heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction including, myocardial infarction and hypertension, and against lung disease and diabetes mellitus. The control of gut dysbiosis and vascular permeability by ACE2 has emerged as an essential mechanism of pulmonary hypertension and diabetic cardiovascular complications. Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate is a FRET peptide for measuring enzymatic activity in cells and tissues. It uses DNP as a quencher molecule to quench the fluorescence of methoxycoumarin (Mca). This interaction is abolished when the enzyme cleaves the proline-lysine residue and restore the fluorescence of Mca. This fluorogenic substrate offers more flexibility and higher throughput than the commonly used HPLC-separation-based methods.

Example protocol


AT A GLANCE

  1. Prepare test and blank samples (50 µL)
  2. Treat samples with inhibitors as desired
  3. Add Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate working solution (50 µL)
  4. Incubate samples at 37 °C
  5. Measure fluorescence at Ex/Em = 320/430 nm (Cutoff = 420 nm) 

PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTIONS

Unless otherwise noted, all unused stock solutions should be divided into single-use aliquots and stored at -20 °C after preparation. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate stock solution
Prepare 5-10 mM stock solution with appropriate amount of DMSO.
Note     Store solution at -20 °C in single use aliquots.
Note     Protect from light.

PREPARATION OF WORKING SOLUTION

Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate working solution
Add 5 µL of Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate stock solution (10 mM) in 1 mL of assay buffer to make Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate working solution.
Note     The appropriate concentration for the substrate should be measured empirically.
Note     With the given formula, the final concentration is 50 µM.
Note     100 mM Tris-HCl containing 1 M NaCl, pH ∼ 7.5 can be used as an assay buffer. 600 µM of ZnCl2 can also be added to the buffer.

SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

The following protocol can be used as guidelines.
  1. Prepare and add 50 µL of test samples and blank controls.
  2. Add 50 µL of Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate working solution into the samples and blank samples.
  3. Incubate samples at 37 °C.
  4. Measure the fluorescence increase with a fluorescence plate reader at Ex/Em = 320/430 nm (Cutoff = 420 nm). 
For kinetic reading: Immediately start measuring fluorescence intensity continuously and record data every 5 minutes for 30-120 minutes.
For end-point reading: Incubate the reaction at a desired temperature for 30 to 120 minutes, protected from light. Then measure the fluorescence intensity

Calculators


Common stock solution preparation

Table 1. Volume of DMSO needed to reconstitute specific mass of Mca-APK(Dnp) ACE2 substrate to given concentration. Note that volume is only for preparing stock solution. Refer to sample experimental protocol for appropriate experimental/physiological buffers.

0.1 mg0.5 mg1 mg5 mg10 mg
1 mM143.54 µL717.7 µL1.435 mL7.177 mL14.354 mL
5 mM28.708 µL143.54 µL287.08 µL1.435 mL2.871 mL
10 mM14.354 µL71.77 µL143.54 µL717.7 µL1.435 mL

Molarity calculator

Enter any two values (mass, volume, concentration) to calculate the third.

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Spectrum


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spectrum

Spectral properties

Correction Factor (280 nm)0.3
Excitation (nm)322
Emission (nm)381

Images


References


View all 50 references: Citation Explorer
Hypertension and related diseases in the era of COVID-19: a report from the Japanese Society of Hypertension Task Force on COVID-19.
Authors: Shibata, Shigeru and Arima, Hisatomi and Asayama, Kei and Hoshide, Satoshi and Ichihara, Atsuhiro and Ishimitsu, Toshihiko and Kario, Kazuomi and Kishi, Takuya and Mogi, Masaki and Nishiyama, Akira and Ohishi, Mitsuru and Ohkubo, Takayoshi and Tamura, Kouichi and Tanaka, Masami and Yamamoto, Eiichiro and Yamamoto, Koichi and Itoh, Hiroshi
Journal: Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (2020)
SARS-CoV-2 and cancer: Are they really partners in crime?
Authors: van Dam, Peter A and Huizing, Manon and Mestach, Gino and Dierckxsens, Stazie and Tjalma, Wiebren and Trinh, Xuan Bich and Papadimitriou, Kostantinos and Altintas, Sevilay and Vermorken, Jan and Vulsteke, Christof and Janssens, Annelies and Berneman, Zwi and Prenen, Hans and Meuris, Leander and Vanden Berghe, Wim and Smits, Evelien and Peeters, Marc
Journal: Cancer treatment reviews (2020): 102068
Downregulation of spinal angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is involved in neuropathic pain associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice.
Authors: Yamagata, Ryota and Nemoto, Wataru and Nakagawasai, Osamu and Takahashi, Kohei and Tan-No, Koichi
Journal: Biochemical pharmacology (2020): 113825
Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system.
Authors: Jing, Yan and Run-Qian, Li and Hao-Ran, Wang and Hao-Ran, Chen and Ya-Bin, Liu and Yang, Gao and Fei, Chen
Journal: Molecular human reproduction (2020): 367-373
Mesenchymal stem cells modified with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 are superior for amelioration of glomerular fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.
Authors: Liu, Qingzhen and Lv, Shasha and Liu, Jiaxi and Liu, Shanshan and Wang, Yinghui and Liu, Gang
Journal: Diabetes research and clinical practice (2020): 108093
Relationship between ACE-inhibitors, ARBs and SARS-CoV-2 infection: where are we?
Authors: Infusino, Fabio and Cimino, Sara and Lombardi, Marco and Mancone, Massimo and Cavarretta, Elena and Frati, Giacomo and Pugliese, Francesco and Fedele, Francesco and Biondi-Zoccai, Giuseppe
Journal: Minerva cardioangiologica (2020)
Two hits to the renin-angiotensin system may play a key role in severe COVID-19.
Authors: Tseng, Yu-Hsin and Yang, Rei-Cheng and Lu, Tzong-Shi
Journal: The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences (2020): 389-392
COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and the small bowel.
Authors: Mönkemüller, Klaus and Fry, Lucia and Rickes, Steffen
Journal: Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva (2020): 383-388
Angiotensin-[1-7] attenuates kidney injury in experimental Alport syndrome.
Authors: Choi, Hong Sang and Kim, In Jin and Kim, Chang Seong and Ma, Seong Kwon and Scholey, James W and Kim, Soo Wan and Bae, Eun Hui
Journal: Scientific reports (2020): 4225
Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk.
Authors: Kabbani, Nadine and Olds, James L
Journal: Molecular pharmacology (2020): 351-353