Purified anti-human CD antibodies are essential reagents for immunology research, enabling detection and characterization of immune cell populations. These unconjugated antibodies serve as primary reagents for Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and as starting materials for custom conjugations.

T cell surface markers enable identification and functional characterization of T lymphocyte subsets. CD3 identifies all mature T cells, while CD4 and CD8 distinguish helper and cytotoxic populations. Co-stimulatory and checkpoint markers such as CD28, CD152 (CTLA-4), and CD279 (PD-1) are critical for studying T cell activation and immunotherapy responses.

B cell markers facilitate identification of B lymphocytes at various stages of development and activation. CD19 and CD20 are pan-B cell markers widely used in lymphoma classification and CAR-T therapy targeting. CD21, CD22, and CD23 provide additional specificity for mature and activated B cell populations.

Natural killer cell markers enable identification and functional analysis of innate lymphoid populations. CD16 and CD56 are the primary markers for human NK cells, while CD57 identifies terminally differentiated NK cells. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), including CD158 family members, regulate NK cell cytotoxicity and target recognition.

Myeloid lineage markers identify monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. The CD11/CD18 integrin family mediates cell adhesion and migration. CD14 and CD163 are key monocyte/macrophage markers, while CD33 is targeted in acute myeloid leukemia therapy.

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell markers are essential for identifying and isolating multipotent cells. CD34 is the classic stem cell marker used in transplantation, while CD117 (c-Kit) and CD133 identify primitive progenitors.

Pan-leukocyte markers are expressed across multiple immune cell lineages. CD45 (common leukocyte antigen) is expressed on most nucleated hematopoietic cells and is absent from mature erythrocytes and platelets. CD38 is an activation marker used in plasma cell identification and multiple myeloma therapy.

Cell adhesion molecules mediate interactions between immune cells, endothelium, and extracellular matrix. CD-designated adhesion molecules such as selectins (CD62E/L/P), integrins, and immunoglobulin superfamily members regulate leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and migration.

Immune checkpoint molecules regulate T cell activation and tolerance. PD-1 (CD279) and its ligand PD-L1 (CD274) are major therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. CTLA-4 (CD152) and other co-inhibitory receptors provide additional checkpoints for immune regulation.

Cytokine receptor expression profiles define functional subsets and activation states. IL-2 receptor components (CD25, CD122, CD132) regulate T cell proliferation, while receptors for growth factors (CD114, CD116, CD117) control myeloid and stem cell development.

Additional CD markers are provided for specialized applications including platelet markers (CD41, CD42b), erythrocyte markers (CD235), and other lineage-specific antigens.