Name: Overview of CD4+ T cells.
Creator: AAT Bioquest
License: https://www.aatbio.com/tou.html

Overview of CD4+ T cells.

CD4+ subset	Phenotype	Marker Expression	Transcription factors	Stimulatory Cytokine(s)	Inhibitory Cytokine(s)	Secreted Effector Cytokine(s)	Target cells	Function
Th1	CXCR3⁺	CD178, CD183, CD195, CD212, CD218α	Eomes, Hlx, Runx3, STAT1, STAT4, T-bet	IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-27	IL-4, IL-10, IL-21	IFN-δ, IL-2, LTα, TNF-β	Cytotoxic T cells, Dendritic cells, Macrophages	Th1 cells are mainly involved in controlling intracellular pathogens. They induce cell-mediated immunity through the secretion of cytokines, which increases macrophage recruitment and phagocytosis. Th1 cells also stimulate cytotoxic T cell responses. Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes are classified as Th1-dominant diseases.
Th2	CRTH2⁺	CD183, CD193, CD194, CD198, CD294	GATA-3, GFI-1, IRF4, MAF, STAT5, STAT6	IL-2, IL-4, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, TSLP	IFN-γ, TGF-β	IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-25, IL-31	B cells, Basophils, Eosinophils	Th2 cells are mainly involved in the humoral response. They are required for IgE antibody production, as well as some subclasses of IgG. They contribute to host defense against parasites and in allergic responses.
Th9	N/D	CD196	GATA-3, IRF4, PU.1, STAT6	IL-4, TGF-β	IFN-γ, IL-27	CCL17, CCL22, IL-9, TGF-β	Basophils, Eosinophils, Mast Cells	Th9 cells are important for host defense against parasitic infection. They have also been shown to contribute to the development of autoimmune disease.
Th17	CCR6⁺CD161⁺	CD45RO, CD126, CD161, CD194, CD196	IRF4, RORC2, Runx1, STAT3	IL-1, IL-6, IL-21, IL-23, TGF-β	IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-27	IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-24, IL-26, TNF-α	Neutrophils	Th17 cells play a role in host defense against bacteria and fungi. They are also involved in the induction of autoimmune tissue injury, which is linked to insufficient regulation by T regulatory (Treg) cells.
Th22	N/D	CD140a, CD140b, CD194, CD196	AhR	IL-6, IL-23, TNF-α	TGF-β	IL-13, IL-22, TNF-α	Epithelial cells, Stromal cells	Th22 cells may be involved in host defense against microbial pathogens, as well as to promote tissue repair and remodeling.
T_FH	CXCR5⁺ICOS⁺	CD185, CD279	Bcl-6, MAF, STAT3	CXCL13, IL-6, IL-21, IL-27	N/D	IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21	B cells	T_FH cells stimulate B cells to mature into antibody-secreting plasma cells. These cells are primarily located in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs.
Treg	CD25⁺CD127^-	CD25, CD39, CD73, CD103	FOXP3, Helios, Smad3, STAT5	N/D	N/D	IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β	All other T cell subsets	Tregs develop in the thymus. They are primarily involved in the regulation of immune responses and maintenance of immune tolerance to prevent autoimmunity.

References

This online resource may be cited as follows

MLA	"Quest Database™ Overview of CD4+ T cells.." AAT Bioquest, Inc., 11 Oct. 2025, https://www.aatbio.com/data-sets/overview-of-cd4-t-cells.
APA	AAT Bioquest, Inc. (2025, October 11). Quest Database™ Overview of CD4+ T cells.. AAT Bioquest. https://www.aatbio.com/data-sets/overview-of-cd4-t-cells.
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