D-Luciferin, free acid *CAS#: 2591-17-5*
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Physical properties
Molecular weight | 280.32 |
Solvent | DMSO |
Spectral properties
Excitation (nm) | 385 |
Emission (nm) | 529 |
Storage, safety and handling
H-phrase | H303, H313, H333 |
Hazard symbol | XN |
Intended use | Research Use Only (RUO) |
R-phrase | R20, R21, R22 |
Storage | Freeze (< -15 °C); Minimize light exposure |
UNSPSC | 41105331 |
Overview | ![]() ![]() |
See also: Luciferases, Oxidases
CAS 2591-17-5 | Molecular weight 280.32 | Excitation (nm) 385 | Emission (nm) 529 |
Luciferin is the most popular and versatile bioluminescent substrate. The firefly luciferase/luciferin bioluminescent system is found in the firefly (Photinus pyralis) and several other beetles. Luciferase oxidizes ATP-activated luciferin through a dioxetanone intermediate. Firefly luciferase produces light by the ATP-dependent oxidation of luciferin. The 530 nm chemiluminescence from this reaction peaks within seconds, with light output proportional to luciferase activity when luciferin and ATP are in excess. Firefly luciferase has long been conjugated to antibodies and used as a label in immunoassays using luciferin as the substrate for detection. Compared to HRP and alkaline phosphatase, luciferase is less tolerant to chemical modifications. One particular advantage to the enzyme is that there is low endogenous luciferase activity in mammalian tissues besides its high sensitivity. Another important use of luciferase is in the area of hygiene monitoring. The luciferase/luciferin system can be used to detect contamination because ATP, present in all living organisms, is required to produce luminescence. The main application for this type of ATP bioluminescence is quality assurance by testing surfaces in food processing plants to determine whether or not there is any contamination of either equipment or products.
Example protocol
AT A GLANCE
Important notes
It is important to store at <-15 °C and should be stored in cool, dark place.
It can be used within 12 months from the date of receipt.
Calculators
Common stock solution preparation
Table 1. Volume of DMSO needed to reconstitute specific mass of D-Luciferin, free acid *CAS#: 2591-17-5* to given concentration. Note that volume is only for preparing stock solution. Refer to sample experimental protocol for appropriate experimental/physiological buffers.
0.1 mg | 0.5 mg | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 356.735 µL | 1.784 mL | 3.567 mL | 17.837 mL | 35.674 mL |
5 mM | 71.347 µL | 356.735 µL | 713.47 µL | 3.567 mL | 7.135 mL |
10 mM | 35.674 µL | 178.368 µL | 356.735 µL | 1.784 mL | 3.567 mL |
Molarity calculator
Enter any two values (mass, volume, concentration) to calculate the third.
Mass (Calculate) | Molecular weight | Volume (Calculate) | Concentration (Calculate) | Moles | ||||
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Citations
View all 10 citations: Citation Explorer
GRAS family member LATERAL SUPPRESSOR regulates the initiation and morphogenesis of watermelon lateral organs
Authors: Jiang, Yanxin and Zhang, Anran and He, Wenjing and Li, Qingqing and Zhao, Bosi and Zhao, Hongjiao and Ke, Xubo and Guo, Yalu and Sun, Piaoyun and Yang, Tongwen and others,
Journal: Plant Physiology (2023): kiad445
Authors: Jiang, Yanxin and Zhang, Anran and He, Wenjing and Li, Qingqing and Zhao, Bosi and Zhao, Hongjiao and Ke, Xubo and Guo, Yalu and Sun, Piaoyun and Yang, Tongwen and others,
Journal: Plant Physiology (2023): kiad445
A rat model of dual-flow liver machine perfusion system
Authors: Ohara, Masayuki and Ishikawa, Jun and Yoshimoto, Syuhei and Hakamata, Yoji and Kobayashi, Eiji
Journal: Acta Cir{\'u}rgica Brasileira (2023): e387723
Authors: Ohara, Masayuki and Ishikawa, Jun and Yoshimoto, Syuhei and Hakamata, Yoji and Kobayashi, Eiji
Journal: Acta Cir{\'u}rgica Brasileira (2023): e387723
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation studies of novel carboxylesterase 2 inhibitors for the treatment of irinotecan-induced delayed diarrhea
Authors: Yang, Zhongcheng and Cao, Zhijun and Wang, Wenxin and Chen, Ya and Huang, Wanqiu and Jiao, Shixuan and Chen, Siliang and Chen, Lianru and Liu, Yuxia and Mao, Jianming and others,
Journal: Bioorganic Chemistry (2023): 106625
Authors: Yang, Zhongcheng and Cao, Zhijun and Wang, Wenxin and Chen, Ya and Huang, Wanqiu and Jiao, Shixuan and Chen, Siliang and Chen, Lianru and Liu, Yuxia and Mao, Jianming and others,
Journal: Bioorganic Chemistry (2023): 106625
Diltiazem inhibits breast cancer metastasis via mediating growth differentiation factor 15 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Authors: Chen, Yen-Chang and Wu, Chen-Teng and Chen, Jia-Hong and Tsai, Cheng-Fang and Wu, Chen-Yun and Chang, Pei-Chun and Yeh, Wei-Lan
Journal: Oncogenesis (2022): 1--9
Authors: Chen, Yen-Chang and Wu, Chen-Teng and Chen, Jia-Hong and Tsai, Cheng-Fang and Wu, Chen-Yun and Chang, Pei-Chun and Yeh, Wei-Lan
Journal: Oncogenesis (2022): 1--9
Human carboxylesterase 1A plays a predominant role in the hydrolytic activation of remdesivir in humans
Authors: Zhang, Feng and Li, Hong-Xin and Zhang, Tian-Tian and Xiong, Yuan and Wang, Hao-Nan and Lu, Zhen-Hui and Xiong, Lei and He, Yu-Qi and Ge, Guang-Bo
Journal: Chemico-biological interactions (2021): 109744
Authors: Zhang, Feng and Li, Hong-Xin and Zhang, Tian-Tian and Xiong, Yuan and Wang, Hao-Nan and Lu, Zhen-Hui and Xiong, Lei and He, Yu-Qi and Ge, Guang-Bo
Journal: Chemico-biological interactions (2021): 109744
Genome-wide microRNA analysis identifies miR-188-3p as novel prognostic marker and molecular factor involved in colorectal carcinogenesis
Authors: Pichler, Martin and Stiegelbauer, Verena and Vychytilova-Faltejskova, Petra and Ivan, Cristina and Ling, Hui and Winter, Elke and Zhang, Xinna and Goblirsch, Matthew and Wulf-Goldenberg, Annika and Ohtsuka, Masahisa and others, undefined
Journal: American Association for Cancer Research (2016): clincanres--0497
Authors: Pichler, Martin and Stiegelbauer, Verena and Vychytilova-Faltejskova, Petra and Ivan, Cristina and Ling, Hui and Winter, Elke and Zhang, Xinna and Goblirsch, Matthew and Wulf-Goldenberg, Annika and Ohtsuka, Masahisa and others, undefined
Journal: American Association for Cancer Research (2016): clincanres--0497
C3-Luc Cells Are an Excellent Model for Evaluation of Cellular Immunity following HPV16L1 Vaccination
Authors: Li, Li-Li and Wang, He-Rong and Zhou, Zhi-Yi and Luo, Jing and Wang, Xiao-Li and Xiao, Xiang-Qian and Zhou, Yu-Bai and Zeng, Yi
Journal: PloS one (2016): e0149748
Authors: Li, Li-Li and Wang, He-Rong and Zhou, Zhi-Yi and Luo, Jing and Wang, Xiao-Li and Xiao, Xiang-Qian and Zhou, Yu-Bai and Zeng, Yi
Journal: PloS one (2016): e0149748
Identification of a novel protein kinase a inhibitor by bioluminescence-based screening
Authors: Ishimoto, Tetsuya and Azechi, Kenji and Mori, Hisashi
Journal: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2015): 1969--1974
Authors: Ishimoto, Tetsuya and Azechi, Kenji and Mori, Hisashi
Journal: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2015): 1969--1974
Identification of a Novel Protein Kinase A Inhibitor by Bioluminescence-Based Screening
Authors: Ishimoto, Tetsuya and Azechi, Kenji and Mori, Hisashi
Journal: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2015): 1969--1974
Authors: Ishimoto, Tetsuya and Azechi, Kenji and Mori, Hisashi
Journal: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2015): 1969--1974
Discovery of novel adenylyl cyclase inhibitor by cell-based screening
Authors: Mano, Hiroki and Ishimoto, Tetsuya and Okada, Takuya and Toyooka, Naoki and Mori, Hisashi
Journal: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2014): 1689--1693
Authors: Mano, Hiroki and Ishimoto, Tetsuya and Okada, Takuya and Toyooka, Naoki and Mori, Hisashi
Journal: Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2014): 1689--1693
References
View all 113 references: Citation Explorer
Mutagenesis of solvent-exposed amino acids in Photinus pyralis luciferase improves thermostability and pH-tolerance
Authors: Law GH, G and elman OA, Tisi LC, Lowe CR, Murray JA.
Journal: Biochem J (2006): 305
Authors: Law GH, G and elman OA, Tisi LC, Lowe CR, Murray JA.
Journal: Biochem J (2006): 305
Determination of p-glycoprotein ATPase activity using luciferase
Authors: Matsunaga T, Kose E, Yasuda S, Ise H, Ikeda U, Ohmori S.
Journal: Biol Pharm Bull (2006): 560
Authors: Matsunaga T, Kose E, Yasuda S, Ise H, Ikeda U, Ohmori S.
Journal: Biol Pharm Bull (2006): 560
Expression of firefly luciferase in Candida albicans and its use in the selection of stable transformants
Authors: Doyle TC, Nawotka KA, Purchio AF, Akin AR, Francis KP, Contag PR.
Journal: Microb Pathog (2006): 69
Authors: Doyle TC, Nawotka KA, Purchio AF, Akin AR, Francis KP, Contag PR.
Journal: Microb Pathog (2006): 69
PET imaging and optical imaging with D-luciferin [11C]methyl ester and D-luciferin [11C]methyl ether of luciferase gene expression in tumor xenografts of living mice
Authors: Wang JQ, Pollok KE, Cai S, Stantz KM, Hutchins GD, Zheng QH.
Journal: Bioorg Med Chem Lett (2006): 331
Authors: Wang JQ, Pollok KE, Cai S, Stantz KM, Hutchins GD, Zheng QH.
Journal: Bioorg Med Chem Lett (2006): 331
Bioluminescence of monolayers of firefly luciferase immobilized on graphite
Authors: Palomba S, Berovic N, Palmer RE.
Journal: Langmuir (2006): 5451
Authors: Palomba S, Berovic N, Palmer RE.
Journal: Langmuir (2006): 5451
Bovine serum albumin displays luciferase-like activity in presence of luciferyl adenylate: insights on the origin of protoluciferase activity and bioluminescence colours
Authors: Viviani VR, Ohmiya Y.
Journal: Luminescence (2006): 262
Authors: Viviani VR, Ohmiya Y.
Journal: Luminescence (2006): 262
Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging of luciferase expressing intracranial U87 xenografts: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging determined tumor volume and longitudinal use in assessing tumor growth and antiangiogenic treatment effect
Authors: Szentirmai O, Baker CH, Lin N, Szucs S, Takahashi M, Kiryu S, Kung AL, Mulligan RC, Carter BS.
Journal: Neurosurgery (2006): 365
Authors: Szentirmai O, Baker CH, Lin N, Szucs S, Takahashi M, Kiryu S, Kung AL, Mulligan RC, Carter BS.
Journal: Neurosurgery (2006): 365
Two different domains of the luciferase gene in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans occur as two separate genes in photosynthetic species
Authors: Liu L, Hastings JW.
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2006)
Authors: Liu L, Hastings JW.
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2006)
Effect of different salts and detergents on luciferin-luciferase luminescence of the enchytraeid Fridericia heliota
Authors: Rodionova NS, Petushkov VN.
Journal: J Photochem Photobiol B (2006): 123
Authors: Rodionova NS, Petushkov VN.
Journal: J Photochem Photobiol B (2006): 123
Evaluation of firefly luciferase bioluminescence mediated photodynamic toxicity in cancer cells
Authors: Schipper ML, Patel MR, Gambhir SS.
Journal: Mol Imaging Biol (2006): 218
Authors: Schipper ML, Patel MR, Gambhir SS.
Journal: Mol Imaging Biol (2006): 218
Application notes
A New Protein Crosslinking Method for Labeling and Modifying Antibodies
Abbreviation of Common Chemical Compounds Related to Peptides
An Increase in Plasma Homovanillic Acid with Cocoa Extract Consumption Is Associated with the Alleviation of Depressive Symptoms in Overweight or Obese Adults
Attenuation of lysyl oxidase and collagen gene expression in keratoconus patient corneal epithelium corresponds to disease severity
β-adrenoceptors are upregulated in human melanoma and their activation releases pro-tumorigenic cytokines and metalloproteases in melanoma cell lines
Abbreviation of Common Chemical Compounds Related to Peptides
An Increase in Plasma Homovanillic Acid with Cocoa Extract Consumption Is Associated with the Alleviation of Depressive Symptoms in Overweight or Obese Adults
Attenuation of lysyl oxidase and collagen gene expression in keratoconus patient corneal epithelium corresponds to disease severity
β-adrenoceptors are upregulated in human melanoma and their activation releases pro-tumorigenic cytokines and metalloproteases in melanoma cell lines