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AAT Bioquest

Phalloidin-California Red Conjugate

This red fluorescent phalloidin conjugate (equivalent to Texas Red®-labeled phalloindin) selectively binds to F-actins with much higher photostability than the fluorescein-phalloidin conjugates. Used at nanomolar concentrations, phalloidin derivatives are convenient probes for labeling, identifying and quantitating F-actins in formaldehyde-fixed and permeabilized tissue sections, cell cultures or cell-free experiments. Phalloidin binds to actin filaments much more tightly than to actin monomers, leading to a decrease in the rate constant for the dissociation of actin subunits from filament ends, essentially stabilizing actin filaments through the prevention of filament depolymerization. Moreover, phalloidin is found to inhibit the ATP hydrolysis activity of F-actin. Phalloidin functions differently at various concentrations in cells. When introduced into the cytoplasm at low concentrations, phalloidin recruits the less polymerized forms of cytoplasmic actin as well as filamin into stable "islands" of aggregated actin polymers, yet it does not interfere with stress fibers, i.e. thick bundles of microfilaments. The property of phalloidin is a useful tool for investigating the distribution of F-actin in cells by labeling phalloidin with fluorescent analogs and using them to stain actin filaments for light microscopy. Fluorescent derivatives of phalloidin have turned out to be enormously useful in localizing actin filaments in living or fixed cells as well as for visualizing individual actin filaments in vitro. Fluorescent phalloidin derivatives have been used as an important tool in the study of actin networks at high resolution. AAT Bioquest offers a variety of fluorescent phalloidin derivatives with different colors for multicolor imaging applications.

Example protocol

AT A GLANCE

Protocol Summary
  1. Prepare samples in microplate wells
  2. Remove liquid from samples in the plate
  3. Add Phalloidin-California Red Conjugate solution (100 μL/well)
  4. Stain the cells at room temperature for 20 to 90 minutes
  5. Wash the cells
  6. Examine the specimen under microscope with Texas Red filter 
Important      Warm the vial to room temperature and centrifuge briefly before opening.

Storage and Handling Conditions
The solution should be stable for at least 6 months if store at -20 °C. Protect the fluorescent conjugates from light, and avoid freeze/thaw cycles.
Note     Phalloidin is toxic, although the amount of toxin present in a vial could be lethal only to a mosquito (LD50 of phalloidin = 2 mg/kg), it should be handled with care.

PREPARATION OF WORKING SOLUTION

Phalloidin-California Red Conjugate working solution
Add 1 µL of Phalloidin-California Red solution to 1 mL of PBS with 1% BSA.
Note     The stock solution of phalloidin conjugate should be aliquoted and stored at -20 °C. protected from light.
Note     Different cell types might be stained differently. The concentration of phalloidin conjugate working solution should be prepared accordingly.

SAMPLE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL

Stain the cells
  1. Perform formaldehyde fixation. Incubate cells with 3.0–4.0 % formaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 10–30 minutes.
    Note     Avoid any methanol containing fixatives since methanol can disrupt actin during the fixation process. The preferred fixative is methanol-free formaldehyde.
  2. Rinse the fixed cells 2–3 times in PBS.
  3. Optional: Add 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS into fixed cells for 3 to 5 minutes to increase permeability. Rinse the cells 2–3 times in PBS.
  4. Add 100 μL/well (96-well plate) of Phalloidin-California Red Conjugate working solution into the fixed cells, and stain the cells at room temperature for 20 to 90 minutes.
  5. Rinse cells gently with PBS 2 to 3 times to remove excess phalloidin conjugate before plating, sealing and imaging under microscope with Texas Red filter set. 

Spectrum

Citations

View all 33 citations: Citation Explorer
Mechanical properties of intercellular tunneling nanotubes formed by different mechanisms
Authors: Sun, Yanli and Zhang, Huikai and Zavodnik, Ilya B and Zhao, Hucheng and Feng, Xiqiao
Journal: Heliyon (2024)
Electrically Stimulated Dental Implants Triggers Soft-Tissue Integration and Bactericidal Functions
Authors: Jayasree, Anjana and Cartmell, Sarah and Ivanovski, Sa{\v{s}}o and Gulati, Karan
Journal: Advanced Functional Materials (2024): 2311027
Effects of periodontal cells-derived extracellular vesicles on mesenchymal stromal cell function
Authors: Han, Pingping and Johnson, Nigel and Abdal-hay, Abdalla and Moran, Corey S and Salomon, Carlos and Ivanovski, Sa{\v{s}}o
Journal: Journal of Periodontal Research (2023)
The Effect of Titanium Surface Topography on Adherent Macrophage Integrin and Cytokine Expression
Authors: Pitchai, Manju Sofia and Ipe, Deepak Samuel and Hamlet, Stephen
Journal: Journal of Functional Biomaterials (2023): 211
Tunable Nano-engineered Anisotropic Surface for Enhanced Mechanotransduction and Soft-Tissue Integration
Authors: Han, Pingping and Guo, Tianqi and Jayasree, Anjana and Gomez, Guillermo A and Gulati, Karan and Ivanovski, Sa{\v{s}}o
Journal: Nano Research (2022)

References

View all 127 references: Citation Explorer
Improved penile histology by phalloidin stain: circular and longitudinal cavernous smooth muscles, dual-endothelium arteries, and erectile dysfunction-associated changes
Authors: Lin G, Qiu X, F and el TM, Albersen M, Wang Z, Lue TF, Lin CS.
Journal: Urology (2011): 970 e1
Phalloidin perturbs the interaction of human non-muscle myosin isoforms 2A and 2C1 with F-actin
Authors: Diensthuber RP, Muller M, Heissler SM, Taft MH, Chizhov I, Manstein DJ.
Journal: FEBS Lett (2011): 767
pH-(low)-insertion-peptide (pHLIP) translocation of membrane impermeable phalloidin toxin inhibits cancer cell proliferation
Authors: An M, Wijesinghe D, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK, Engelman DM.
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010): 20246
Labeling cytoskeletal F-actin with rhodamine phalloidin or fluorescein phalloidin for imaging
Authors: Chazotte B., undefined
Journal: Cold Spring Harb Protoc (2010): pdb prot4947
In vitro inhibition of OATP-mediated uptake of phalloidin using bile acid derivatives
Authors: Herraez E, Macias RI, Vazquez-Tato J, Vicens M, Monte MJ, Marin JJ.
Journal: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2009): 13
Page updated on October 8, 2024

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Catalog Number23103
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Physical properties

Molecular weight

~1000

Solvent

DMSO

Spectral properties

Correction Factor (260 nm)

0.24

Correction Factor (280 nm)

0.194

Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1)

1000001

Excitation (nm)

592

Emission (nm)

609

Storage, safety and handling

H-phraseH301, H311, H331
Hazard symbolT
Intended useResearch Use Only (RUO)
R-phraseR23, R24, R25

Storage

Freeze (< -15 °C); Minimize light exposure
UNSPSC12352200
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