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DAPI [4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride] *10 mM solution in water*

<em>L. pneumophila</em> infection increases the secretion of EVs in THP-1 cells. (a) Amount of EVs in response to <em>L. pneumophila</em> infection. THP-1 cells were treated with IL-1&beta; (1&thinsp;ng/mL) or infected with <em>L. pneumophila</em> (MOI 0.25 or 0.5, respectively) for 24&thinsp;h. NTA was performed with the distinct particle fractions separated by differential centrifugation. (b) Western blot for exosomal marker proteins. Whole cell lysate or 100&thinsp;k pellet derived from uninfected THP-1 cells were used. Equal protein amounts were loaded. (c) Transmission electron microscopy with 100&thinsp;k pellet. Purified EVs from THP-1 cells were fixed and visualized after negative staining with uranyl acetate. Scale bar represents 100&thinsp;nm. (d) Uptake of A549-derived EVs by THP-1 cells. A549 cells were stained with the membrane dye PKH67. EVs were collected (100&thinsp;k pellet) and incubated with THP-1 cells for 1 or 3&thinsp;h, respectively. Nuclei were stained by DAPI and pictures were taken with an original magnification of 630x. A: Data are shown as mean&thinsp;+&thinsp;SEM of three independent experiments. **p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.01, ***p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.001, ****p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.0001. B&ndash;D: representative results. Source: <strong><em>Legionella pneumophila</em> infection activates bystander cells differentially by bacterial and host cell vesicles </strong>by Jung et al., <em>Scientific Reports,</em> July 2017.
<em>L. pneumophila</em> infection increases the secretion of EVs in THP-1 cells. (a) Amount of EVs in response to <em>L. pneumophila</em> infection. THP-1 cells were treated with IL-1&beta; (1&thinsp;ng/mL) or infected with <em>L. pneumophila</em> (MOI 0.25 or 0.5, respectively) for 24&thinsp;h. NTA was performed with the distinct particle fractions separated by differential centrifugation. (b) Western blot for exosomal marker proteins. Whole cell lysate or 100&thinsp;k pellet derived from uninfected THP-1 cells were used. Equal protein amounts were loaded. (c) Transmission electron microscopy with 100&thinsp;k pellet. Purified EVs from THP-1 cells were fixed and visualized after negative staining with uranyl acetate. Scale bar represents 100&thinsp;nm. (d) Uptake of A549-derived EVs by THP-1 cells. A549 cells were stained with the membrane dye PKH67. EVs were collected (100&thinsp;k pellet) and incubated with THP-1 cells for 1 or 3&thinsp;h, respectively. Nuclei were stained by DAPI and pictures were taken with an original magnification of 630x. A: Data are shown as mean&thinsp;+&thinsp;SEM of three independent experiments. **p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.01, ***p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.001, ****p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.0001. B&ndash;D: representative results. Source: <strong><em>Legionella pneumophila</em> infection activates bystander cells differentially by bacterial and host cell vesicles </strong>by Jung et al., <em>Scientific Reports,</em> July 2017.
<em>L. pneumophila</em> infection increases the secretion of EVs in THP-1 cells. (a) Amount of EVs in response to <em>L. pneumophila</em> infection. THP-1 cells were treated with IL-1&beta; (1&thinsp;ng/mL) or infected with <em>L. pneumophila</em> (MOI 0.25 or 0.5, respectively) for 24&thinsp;h. NTA was performed with the distinct particle fractions separated by differential centrifugation. (b) Western blot for exosomal marker proteins. Whole cell lysate or 100&thinsp;k pellet derived from uninfected THP-1 cells were used. Equal protein amounts were loaded. (c) Transmission electron microscopy with 100&thinsp;k pellet. Purified EVs from THP-1 cells were fixed and visualized after negative staining with uranyl acetate. Scale bar represents 100&thinsp;nm. (d) Uptake of A549-derived EVs by THP-1 cells. A549 cells were stained with the membrane dye PKH67. EVs were collected (100&thinsp;k pellet) and incubated with THP-1 cells for 1 or 3&thinsp;h, respectively. Nuclei were stained by DAPI and pictures were taken with an original magnification of 630x. A: Data are shown as mean&thinsp;+&thinsp;SEM of three independent experiments. **p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.01, ***p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.001, ****p&thinsp;&lt;&thinsp;0.0001. B&ndash;D: representative results. Source: <strong><em>Legionella pneumophila</em> infection activates bystander cells differentially by bacterial and host cell vesicles </strong>by Jung et al., <em>Scientific Reports,</em> July 2017.
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Physical properties
Molecular weight350.25
SolventWater
Spectral properties
Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1)27000
Excitation (nm)359
Emission (nm)457
Storage, safety and handling
Certificate of OriginDownload PDF
H-phraseH303, H313, H340
Hazard symbolT
Intended useResearch Use Only (RUO)
R-phraseR20, R21, R68
StorageFreeze (< -15 °C); Minimize light exposure
UNSPSC41116134

OverviewpdfSDSpdfProtocol


CAS
28718-90-3
Molecular weight
350.25
Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1)
27000
Excitation (nm)
359
Emission (nm)
457
DAPI is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to DNA. It is used extensively in fluorescence microscopy. Since DAPI passes through an intact cell membrane, it can be used to stain live cells besides fixed cells. For fluorescence microscopy, DAPI is excited with ultraviolet light. When bound to double-stranded DNA its absorption maximum is at 358 nm and its emission maximum is at 461 nm. One drawback of DAPI is that its emission is fairly broad. DAPI also binds to RNA although it is not as strongly fluorescent as it binds to DNA. Its emission shifts to around 500 nm when bound to RNA. DAPI's blue emission is convenient for multiplexing assays since there is very little fluorescence overlap between DAPI and green-fluorescent molecules like fluorescein and green fluorescent protein (GFP), or red-fluorescent stains like Texas Red. Besides labeling cell nuclei, DAPI is also used for the detection of mycoplasma or virus DNA in cell cultures.

Calculators


Common stock solution preparation

Table 1. Volume of Water needed to reconstitute specific mass of DAPI [4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride] *10 mM solution in water* to given concentration. Note that volume is only for preparing stock solution. Refer to sample experimental protocol for appropriate experimental/physiological buffers.

0.1 mg0.5 mg1 mg5 mg10 mg
1 mM285.51 µL1.428 mL2.855 mL14.276 mL28.551 mL
5 mM57.102 µL285.51 µL571.021 µL2.855 mL5.71 mL
10 mM28.551 µL142.755 µL285.51 µL1.428 mL2.855 mL

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Spectrum


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Spectral properties

Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1)27000
Excitation (nm)359
Emission (nm)457

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Citations


View all 45 citations: Citation Explorer
A xenotransplantation mouse model to study physiology of the mammary gland from large mammals
Authors: Miller, James L and Reddy, Alexandra and Harman, Rebecca M and Van de Walle, Gerlinde R
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Metabolic programming determines the pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Hosomi, Koji and Hatanaka, Noritoshi and Hinenoya, Atsushi and Tojima, Yoko and Furuta, Mari and Nagatake, Takahiro and Saika, Azusa and Kawai, Soichiro and Yoshii, Ken and Kondo, Saki and others,
Journal: (2023)
Alcaligene s Lipid A Functions as a Superior Mucosal Adjuvant to Monophosphoryl Lipid A via the Recruitment and Activation of CD11b+ Dendritic Cells in Nasal Tissue
Authors: Sun, Xiao and Hosomi, Koji and Shimoyama, Atsushi and Yoshii, Ken and Saika, Azusa and Yamaura, Haruki and Nagatake, Takahiro and Kiyono, Hiroshi and Fukase, Koichi and Kunisawa, Jun
Journal: International Immunology (2023): dxad045
Co-Delivery of Bioengineered Exosomes and Oxygen for Treating Critical Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Zhong, Ting and Gao, Ning and Guan, Ya and Liu, Zhongting and Guan, Jianjun
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Bio-AFM exploits enhanced response of human gingival fibroblasts on TiO2 nanotubular substrates with thin TiO2 coatings
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Journal: Applied Surface Science Advances (2023): 100459
Cerebral Myelination in a Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Murine Model
Authors: Chen, Wenwen and Wang, Ran and Chen, Chao
Journal: Children (2023): 1321
The sage genome provides insight into the evolutionary dynamics of diterpene biosynthesis gene cluster in plants
Authors: Li, Chen-Yi and Yang, Lei and Liu, Yan and Xu, Zhou-Geng and Gao, Jian and Huang, Yan-Bo and Xu, Jing-Jing and Fan, Hang and Kong, Yu and Wei, Yu-Kun and others,
Journal: Cell Reports (2022): 111236
Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Incubated HA-Rich Sponge Matrix Implant Modulates Oxidative Stress to Enhance VEGF and TGF-$\beta$ Secretions for Extracellular Matrix Reconstruction In Vivo
Authors: Cheng, Yu-Shen and Yen, Hung-Hsun and Chang, Chung-Yen and Lien, Wei-Chih and Huang, Shu-Hung and Lee, Su-Shin and Wang, Lin and Wang, Hui-Min David
Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (2022)
Modulating Microglia/Macrophage Activation by CDNF Promotes Transplantation of Fetal Ventral Mesencephalic Graft Survival and Function in a Hemiparkinsonian Rat Model
Authors: Tseng, Kuan-Yin and Wu, Jui-Sheng and Chen, Yuan-Hao and Airavaara, Mikko and Cheng, Cheng-Yi and Ma, Kuo-Hsing
Journal: Biomedicines (2022): 1446

References


View all 134 references: Citation Explorer
Reliable DNA ploidy determination in dehydrated tissues of vascular plants by DAPI flow cytometry--new prospects for plant research
Authors: Suda J, Travnicek P.
Journal: Cytometry A (2006): 273
Identification of all pachytene bivalents in the common shrew using DAPI-staining of synaptonemal complex spreads
Authors: Belonogova NM, Karamysheva TV, Biltueva LS, Perepelov EA, Minina JM, Polyakov AV, Zhdanova NS, Rubtsov NB, Searle JB, Borodin PM.
Journal: Chromosome Res (2006): 673
Physical localization of ribosomal genes and chromosome DAPI banding by in situ hybridization in Medicago sativa L
Authors: Chen JM, Hong YH, Wang YP, Bowley S, Wan JM.
Journal: Yi Chuan (2006): 184
DNA staining with the fluorochromes EtBr, DAPI and YOYO-1 in the comet assay with tobacco plants after treatment with ethyl methanesulphonate, hyperthermia and DNase-I
Authors: Gichner T, Mukherjee A, Veleminsky J.
Journal: Mutat Res (2006): 17
Investigation of chromosomes in varieties and translocation lines of pea Pisum sativum L. by FISH, Ag-NOR, and differential DAPI staining
Authors: Samatadze TE, Muravenko OM, Bol'sheva NL, Amosova AB, Gostimsckii SA, Zelenin AV.
Journal: Genetika (2005): 1665
DAPI fluorescence in nuclei isolated from tumors
Authors: Krishan A, D and ekar PD., undefined
Journal: J Histochem Cytochem (2005): 1033
Polarized fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of DNA-DAPI complexes
Authors: Barcellona ML, Gammon S, Hazlett T, Digman MA, Gratton E.
Journal: Microsc Res Tech (2004): 205
DNA quantification in nuclei of cultivated mushroom with DAPI staining
Authors: Pancheva EV, Volkova VN, Kamzolkina OV.
Journal: Tsitologiia (2004): 381
Quantification of sPLA2-induced early and late apoptosis changes in neuronal cell cultures using combined TUNEL and DAPI staining
Authors: Daniel B, DeCoster MA.
Journal: Brain Res Brain Res Protoc (2004): 144
DAPI derivative: a fluorescent DNA dye that can be covalently attached to biomolecules
Authors: Li M, Wu RS, Tsai JS.
Journal: Bioorg Med Chem Lett (2003): 4351