DAPI [4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride] *10 mM solution in water*
![Chemical structure for DAPI [4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride] *10 mM solution in water*](https://images.aatbio.com/products/figures-and-data/dapi-4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-dihydrochloride-10-mm-solution-in-water/chemical-structure-of-dapi-4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-dihydrochloride-10-mm-solution-in-water.svg)
| Overview |  SDSProtocol |
See also: Antibodies and Proteomics, Antibody and Protein Labeling, Bioconjugation, Cell Cycle Assays, Cell Structures and Organelles, Nucleus, Cellular Processes, DAPI - Blue Fluorescent DNA Stain, Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
CAS 28718-90-3 | Molecular weight 350.25 | Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1) 27000 | Excitation (nm) 359 | Emission (nm) 457 |
DAPI is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to DNA. It is used extensively in fluorescence microscopy. Since DAPI passes through an intact cell membrane, it can be used to stain live cells besides fixed cells. For fluorescence microscopy, DAPI is excited with ultraviolet light. When bound to double-stranded DNA its absorption maximum is at 358 nm and its emission maximum is at 461 nm. One drawback of DAPI is that its emission is fairly broad. DAPI also binds to RNA although it is not as strongly fluorescent as it binds to DNA. Its emission shifts to around 500 nm when bound to RNA. DAPI's blue emission is convenient for multiplexing assays since there is very little fluorescence overlap between DAPI and green-fluorescent molecules like fluorescein and green fluorescent protein (GFP), or red-fluorescent stains like Texas Red. Besides labeling cell nuclei, DAPI is also used for the detection of mycoplasma or virus DNA in cell cultures.
Calculators
Common stock solution preparation
Table 1. Volume of Water needed to reconstitute specific mass of DAPI [4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride] *10 mM solution in water* to given concentration. Note that volume is only for preparing stock solution. Refer to sample experimental protocol for appropriate experimental/physiological buffers.
| 0.1 mg | 0.5 mg | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 285.51 µL | 1.428 mL | 2.855 mL | 14.276 mL | 28.551 mL |
| 5 mM | 57.102 µL | 285.51 µL | 571.021 µL | 2.855 mL | 5.71 mL |
| 10 mM | 28.551 µL | 142.755 µL | 285.51 µL | 1.428 mL | 2.855 mL |
Molarity calculator
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Spectrum
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Spectral properties
| Extinction coefficient (cm -1 M -1) | 27000 |
| Excitation (nm) | 359 |
| Emission (nm) | 457 |
Images
Figure 1. L. pneumophila infection increases the secretion of EVs in THP-1 cells. (a) Amount of EVs in response to L. pneumophila infection. THP-1 cells were treated with IL-1β (1 ng/mL) or infected with L. pneumophila (MOI 0.25 or 0.5, respectively) for 24 h. NTA was performed with the distinct particle fractions separated by differential centrifugation. (b) Western blot for exosomal marker proteins. Whole cell lysate or 100 k pellet derived from uninfected THP-1 cells were used. Equal protein amounts were loaded. (c) Transmission electron microscopy with 100 k pellet. Purified EVs from THP-1 cells were fixed and visualized after negative staining with uranyl acetate. Scale bar represents 100 nm. (d) Uptake of A549-derived EVs by THP-1 cells. A549 cells were stained with the membrane dye PKH67. EVs were collected (100 k pellet) and incubated with THP-1 cells for 1 or 3 h, respectively. Nuclei were stained by DAPI and pictures were taken with an original magnification of 630x. A: Data are shown as mean + SEM of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. B–D: representative results. Source: Legionella pneumophila infection activates bystander cells differentially by bacterial and host cell vesicles by Jung et al., Scientific Reports, July 2017.
Figure 2. Chemical structure for DAPI [4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride] *10 mM solution in water*
Citations
View all 39 citations: Citation Explorer
The sage genome provides insight into the evolutionary dynamics of diterpene biosynthesis gene cluster in plants
Authors: Li, Chen-Yi and Yang, Lei and Liu, Yan and Xu, Zhou-Geng and Gao, Jian and Huang, Yan-Bo and Xu, Jing-Jing and Fan, Hang and Kong, Yu and Wei, Yu-Kun and others,
Journal: Cell Reports (2022): 111236
Authors: Li, Chen-Yi and Yang, Lei and Liu, Yan and Xu, Zhou-Geng and Gao, Jian and Huang, Yan-Bo and Xu, Jing-Jing and Fan, Hang and Kong, Yu and Wei, Yu-Kun and others,
Journal: Cell Reports (2022): 111236
Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Incubated HA-Rich Sponge Matrix Implant Modulates Oxidative Stress to Enhance VEGF and TGF-$\beta$ Secretions for Extracellular Matrix Reconstruction In Vivo
Authors: Cheng, Yu-Shen and Yen, Hung-Hsun and Chang, Chung-Yen and Lien, Wei-Chih and Huang, Shu-Hung and Lee, Su-Shin and Wang, Lin and Wang, Hui-Min David
Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (2022)
Authors: Cheng, Yu-Shen and Yen, Hung-Hsun and Chang, Chung-Yen and Lien, Wei-Chih and Huang, Shu-Hung and Lee, Su-Shin and Wang, Lin and Wang, Hui-Min David
Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (2022)
Carboxyl-Terminal Decoy Epitopes in the Capsid Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Are Immunogenicity-Enhancers That Elicit Predominantly Specific Antibodies in Non-Vaccinated Pigs
Authors: Hung, Ling-Chu
Journal: Viruses (2022): 2373
Authors: Hung, Ling-Chu
Journal: Viruses (2022): 2373
Modulating Microglia/Macrophage Activation by CDNF Promotes Transplantation of Fetal Ventral Mesencephalic Graft Survival and Function in a Hemiparkinsonian Rat Model
Authors: Tseng, Kuan-Yin and Wu, Jui-Sheng and Chen, Yuan-Hao and Airavaara, Mikko and Cheng, Cheng-Yi and Ma, Kuo-Hsing
Journal: Biomedicines (2022): 1446
Authors: Tseng, Kuan-Yin and Wu, Jui-Sheng and Chen, Yuan-Hao and Airavaara, Mikko and Cheng, Cheng-Yi and Ma, Kuo-Hsing
Journal: Biomedicines (2022): 1446
DLP 3D printed silica-doped HAp ceramic scaffolds inspired by the trabecular bone structure
Authors: Zhang, Chengyu and Yuan, Yanping and Zeng, Yong and Chen, Jimin
Journal: Ceramics International (2022): 27765--27773
Authors: Zhang, Chengyu and Yuan, Yanping and Zeng, Yong and Chen, Jimin
Journal: Ceramics International (2022): 27765--27773
Assessment of Cellular Alignment and Proliferation on Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF) Films
Authors: Roozbahani, Sahar
Journal: (2022)
Authors: Roozbahani, Sahar
Journal: (2022)
The Autophagy Receptor TAX1BP1 (T6BP) improves antigen presentation by MHC-II molecules
Authors: Sarango, Gabriela and Richetta, Cl{\'e}mence and Pereira, Mathias and Kumari, Anita and Ghosh, Michael and Bertrand, Lisa and Pionneau, C{\'e}dric and Le Gall, Morgane and Gr{\'e}goire, Sylvie and Jeger-Madiot, Rapha{\"e}l and others,
Journal: EMBO reports (2022): e55470
Authors: Sarango, Gabriela and Richetta, Cl{\'e}mence and Pereira, Mathias and Kumari, Anita and Ghosh, Michael and Bertrand, Lisa and Pionneau, C{\'e}dric and Le Gall, Morgane and Gr{\'e}goire, Sylvie and Jeger-Madiot, Rapha{\"e}l and others,
Journal: EMBO reports (2022): e55470
Novel SPEF2 Variant in a Japanese Patient with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Mori, Mayako and Kido, Takashi and Sakamoto, Noriho and Ozasa, Mutsumi and Kido, Kumiko and Noguchi, Yasuko and Tokito, Takatomo and Okuno, Daisuke and Yura, Hirokazu and Hara, Atsuko and others,
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine (2022): 317
Authors: Mori, Mayako and Kido, Takashi and Sakamoto, Noriho and Ozasa, Mutsumi and Kido, Kumiko and Noguchi, Yasuko and Tokito, Takatomo and Okuno, Daisuke and Yura, Hirokazu and Hara, Atsuko and others,
Journal: Journal of Clinical Medicine (2022): 317
A robust mechanism for resetting juvenility during each generation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Gao, Jian and Zhang, Ke and Cheng, Ying-Juan and Yu, Sha and Shang, Guan-Dong and Wang, Fu-Xiang and Wu, Lian-Yu and Xu, Zhou-Geng and Mai, Yan-Xia and Zhao, Xin-Yan and others,
Journal: Nature Plants (2022): 257--268
Authors: Gao, Jian and Zhang, Ke and Cheng, Ying-Juan and Yu, Sha and Shang, Guan-Dong and Wang, Fu-Xiang and Wu, Lian-Yu and Xu, Zhou-Geng and Mai, Yan-Xia and Zhao, Xin-Yan and others,
Journal: Nature Plants (2022): 257--268
Dihydromyricetin suppresses cell metastasis in human osteosarcoma through SP-1-and NF-$\kappa$B-modulated urokinase plasminogen activator inhibition
Authors: Chou, Chia-Hsuan and Lu, Ko-Hsiu and Yang, Jia-Sin and Hsieh, Yi-Hsien and Lin, Chiao-Wen and Yang, Shun-Fa
Journal: Phytomedicine (2021): 153642
Authors: Chou, Chia-Hsuan and Lu, Ko-Hsiu and Yang, Jia-Sin and Hsieh, Yi-Hsien and Lin, Chiao-Wen and Yang, Shun-Fa
Journal: Phytomedicine (2021): 153642
References
View all 134 references: Citation Explorer
Reliable DNA ploidy determination in dehydrated tissues of vascular plants by DAPI flow cytometry--new prospects for plant research
Authors: Suda J, Travnicek P.
Journal: Cytometry A (2006): 273
Authors: Suda J, Travnicek P.
Journal: Cytometry A (2006): 273
Identification of all pachytene bivalents in the common shrew using DAPI-staining of synaptonemal complex spreads
Authors: Belonogova NM, Karamysheva TV, Biltueva LS, Perepelov EA, Minina JM, Polyakov AV, Zhdanova NS, Rubtsov NB, Searle JB, Borodin PM.
Journal: Chromosome Res (2006): 673
Authors: Belonogova NM, Karamysheva TV, Biltueva LS, Perepelov EA, Minina JM, Polyakov AV, Zhdanova NS, Rubtsov NB, Searle JB, Borodin PM.
Journal: Chromosome Res (2006): 673
Physical localization of ribosomal genes and chromosome DAPI banding by in situ hybridization in Medicago sativa L
Authors: Chen JM, Hong YH, Wang YP, Bowley S, Wan JM.
Journal: Yi Chuan (2006): 184
Authors: Chen JM, Hong YH, Wang YP, Bowley S, Wan JM.
Journal: Yi Chuan (2006): 184
DNA staining with the fluorochromes EtBr, DAPI and YOYO-1 in the comet assay with tobacco plants after treatment with ethyl methanesulphonate, hyperthermia and DNase-I
Authors: Gichner T, Mukherjee A, Veleminsky J.
Journal: Mutat Res (2006): 17
Authors: Gichner T, Mukherjee A, Veleminsky J.
Journal: Mutat Res (2006): 17
Investigation of chromosomes in varieties and translocation lines of pea Pisum sativum L. by FISH, Ag-NOR, and differential DAPI staining
Authors: Samatadze TE, Muravenko OM, Bol'sheva NL, Amosova AB, Gostimsckii SA, Zelenin AV.
Journal: Genetika (2005): 1665
Authors: Samatadze TE, Muravenko OM, Bol'sheva NL, Amosova AB, Gostimsckii SA, Zelenin AV.
Journal: Genetika (2005): 1665
DAPI fluorescence in nuclei isolated from tumors
Authors: Krishan A, D and ekar PD., undefined
Journal: J Histochem Cytochem (2005): 1033
Authors: Krishan A, D and ekar PD., undefined
Journal: J Histochem Cytochem (2005): 1033
Polarized fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of DNA-DAPI complexes
Authors: Barcellona ML, Gammon S, Hazlett T, Digman MA, Gratton E.
Journal: Microsc Res Tech (2004): 205
Authors: Barcellona ML, Gammon S, Hazlett T, Digman MA, Gratton E.
Journal: Microsc Res Tech (2004): 205
DNA quantification in nuclei of cultivated mushroom with DAPI staining
Authors: Pancheva EV, Volkova VN, Kamzolkina OV.
Journal: Tsitologiia (2004): 381
Authors: Pancheva EV, Volkova VN, Kamzolkina OV.
Journal: Tsitologiia (2004): 381
Quantification of sPLA2-induced early and late apoptosis changes in neuronal cell cultures using combined TUNEL and DAPI staining
Authors: Daniel B, DeCoster MA.
Journal: Brain Res Brain Res Protoc (2004): 144
Authors: Daniel B, DeCoster MA.
Journal: Brain Res Brain Res Protoc (2004): 144
DAPI derivative: a fluorescent DNA dye that can be covalently attached to biomolecules
Authors: Li M, Wu RS, Tsai JS.
Journal: Bioorg Med Chem Lett (2003): 4351
Authors: Li M, Wu RS, Tsai JS.
Journal: Bioorg Med Chem Lett (2003): 4351