At what concentrations is ethanol an effective disinfectant?

Denatured ethanol, particularly in solutions ranging from 60%-90% alcohol content with 10% to 40% purified water exhibits rapid antimicrobial properties against bacteria, viruses and fungi. The effectiveness for disinfection sharply declines when alcohol concentrations fall below 50%. It is important to note that higher alcohol concentrations do not necessarily enhance the desired disinfectant properties. The ideal concentration of ethanol is at a 70% concentration. This is because ethanol takes more time to evaporate due to a higher water content. This prolonged contact time enhances its effectiveness as it can penetrate cells more efficiently.