What are the pathways where exosome uptake occur?

Exosome uptake occurs via one of three pathways: 

1. Fusion with the plasma membrane to release exosome contents – In this pathway, exosomes fuse with the outer membrane of the receiving cell, allowing their contents to be released and shared with the cell.
2. Endocytosis – In endocytosis, the receiving cell engulfs the exosomes by surrounding them with a part of its own membrane, bringing them inside the cell.
3. Direct interaction with surface receptors – This pathway involves a direct interaction between the exosomes and specific receptors on the surface of the receiving cell, allowing the exosomes to be taken up and their contents delivered inside the cell.