Elements, whether they are positively charged cations or negatively charged anions, are adsorbed via a facilitated transcellular pathway. This process relies on specialized proteins such as metal transporters, both specific and nonspecific. Additionally, it relies on secondary transporters including transferring or albumin, which help to facilitate their passage across cell membranes. The adsorption of elements occurs via 2 main mechanisms: passive adsorption and active adsorption. 

1. Passive adsorptionrefers to the uptake of elements through physical processes like diffusion without requiring the cell to spend energy. 
2. Active adsorptionrefers to the process in which ions move against their concentration or electrochemical gradient, requiring the cell to use energy for this transport to occur.