What process includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?

The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are both a part of oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is a key part of cellular respiration and is essential for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. Most of the energy in cellular respiration is produced during this stage. 

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. During this process, high-energy electrons derived from molecules such as NADH and FADH2 are transferred through a series of protein complexes - Complex I, II, III, and IV.

As electrons move through the protein complexes, protons (H+) are actively pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient, which represents stored energy. Chemiosmosis is a mechanism that cells utilize to transfer and harness this vital energy. This mechanism drives protons back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, an enzyme complex in the inner mitochondrial matrix. The flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase results in the synthesis of ATP from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.