How does inhibitor or effector affect enzyme activity?

Inhibitors and effectors are compounds that are able to modulate the activity of enzymes by modifying the enzyme’s catalytic properties. 

Inhibitors work by distorting or blocking the enzyme’s active site, which slows down the reaction rate or completely stops the catalysis, hindering the reaction. 

Effectors work by increasing the enzyme’s reaction rate. When an effector binds at one site on the enzyme and changes the enzyme’s ability to bind at another site, the interaction is called allosteric regulation. When the effector binding increases the enzyme’s affinity for other molecules, it is known as positive allosteric modulation or allosteric activation. When this occurs, the enzyme’s reaction rate increases.