Peroxisome proliferation refers to an increase in the number and size of peroxisomes within cells. Peroxisome proliferation can occur in response to various types of stress including oxidative stress, starvation, noise, and cold exposure. This process functions to enhance the cell's ability to cope with this stress and maintain cellular homeostasis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) serve as critical molecular regulators, influencing cellular responses to signals related to energy levels and inflammation.