DiR iodide [1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide]

Live HeLa cell plasma membrane staining using DiR (Cat No. 22070). Nuclei were co-stained with Hoechst 33342 (Cat No. 17530).

Live HeLa cell plasma membrane staining using DiR (Cat No. 22070).

Staining of microtumors with DIR-RGD-NP. Fluorescence spectral images from dissected intestines and the attached mesentery. Images shown are from mCherry channel (red; left column) and DIR channel (green; middle column). The merged images (right column) demonstrate the best colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals (white arrow) in animals that received DIR-RGD-NP. A representative animal for each delivery system is shown; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP). Source: <strong>Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model</strong> by Alvero et al., <em>Scientific Reports</em>, Jan. 2017.

Enhanced retention and better colocalization <em>in vivo</em> with DIR-RGD-NP. Upon establishment of tumors (ROI~40,000), mice were given four doses of soluble DIR, DIR-NP, or DIR-RGD-NP given every other day. mCherry (red) and DIR (green) fluorescent images were obtained in live animals at designated time points 24 h after the 4th dose. Images shown are merged images demonstrating the best colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals (yellow) in animals that received DIR-RGD-NP. A representative animal for each delivery system is shown; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP).  Source: <strong>Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model</strong> by Alvero et al., <em>Scientific Reports</em>, Jan. 2017.

Staining and delineation of tumors and tumor-associated vasculature by DIR-RGD-NP. Upon establishment of tumors (ROI~40,000), mice were given four doses of DIR-RGD-NP given every other day (n = 12). (A–D) Gross tumors appear distinctly stained compared to the intestines. Staining is specific to tumor-associated vasculature (white arrow), which can be easily contrasted to the normal vasculature (yellow arrow); (E,F) Tumors under the diaphragm are likewise stained; (F) Micrometastasis (blue arrow) is visible due to DIR-stained vessels (white arrow) and is contrasted against normal vessels (yellow arrow). Source: <strong>Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model </strong>by Alvero et al., <em>Scientific Reports</em>, Jan. 2017.

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Physical properties

Molecular weight	1013.39
Solvent	DMSO

Spectral properties

Extinction coefficient (cm ^-1 M ^-1)	270000¹
Excitation (nm)	754
Emission (nm)	778

Storage, safety and handling

Certificate of Origin	Download PDF
H-phrase	H303, H313, H333
Hazard symbol	XN
Intended use	Research Use Only (RUO)
R-phrase	R20, R21, R22
Storage	Freeze (< -15 °C); Minimize light exposure
UNSPSC	12352200

Overview SDS Protocol

CAS

100068-60-8

Molecular weight

1013.39

Extinction coefficient (cm ^-1 M ^-1)

270000¹

Excitation (nm)

754

Emission (nm)

778

DiI, DiO, DiD and DiR dyes are a family of lipophilic fluorescent stains for labeling membranes and other hydrophobic structures. The fluorescence of these environment-sensitive dyes is greatly enhanced when incorporated into membranes or bound to lipophilic biomolecules such as proteins although they are weakly fluorescent in water. They have high extinction coefficients, polarity-dependent fluorescence and short excited-state lifetimes. Once applied to cells, these dyes diffuse laterally within the cellular plasma membranes, resulting in even staining of the entire cell at their optimal concentrations. The distinct fluorescence colors of DiI (orange fluorescence), DiO (green fluorescence), DiD (red fluorescence) and DiR (deep red fluorescent) provide a convenient tool for multicolor imaging and flow cytometric analysis of live cells. DiO and DiI can be used with standard FITC and TRITC filters respectively. Among them DiD is well excited by the 633 nm He-Ne laser, and has much longer excitation and emission wavelengths than those of DiI, providing a valuable alternative for labeling cells and tissues that have significant intrinsic fluorescence. DiR might be useful for in vivo imaging or tracing due to the effective transmission of infrared light through cells and tissues and low level of autofluorescence in the infrared range.

Calculators

Common stock solution preparation

Table 1. Volume of DMSO needed to reconstitute specific mass of DiR iodide [1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide] to given concentration. Note that volume is only for preparing stock solution. Refer to sample experimental protocol for appropriate experimental/physiological buffers.

	0.1 mg	0.5 mg	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
1 mM	98.679 µL	493.393 µL	986.787 µL	4.934 mL	9.868 mL
5 mM	19.736 µL	98.679 µL	197.357 µL	986.787 µL	1.974 mL
10 mM	9.868 µL	49.339 µL	98.679 µL	493.393 µL	986.787 µL

Molarity calculator

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Spectrum

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Spectral properties

Extinction coefficient (cm ^-1 M ^-1)	270000¹
Excitation (nm)	754
Emission (nm)	778

Product Family

Name	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Extinction coefficient (cm ^-1 M ^-1)
Propidium iodide CAS 25535-16-4	537	618	6000¹
Propidium iodide 10 mM aqueous solution	537	618	6000¹
DiI iodide [1,1-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3- tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide]	550	564	148000

Images

Figure 1. Live HeLa cell plasma membrane staining using DiR (Cat No. 22070). Nuclei were co-stained with Hoechst 33342 (Cat No. 17530).

Figure 2. Live HeLa cell plasma membrane staining using DiR (Cat No. 22070).

Figure 3. Staining of microtumors with DIR-RGD-NP. Fluorescence spectral images from dissected intestines and the attached mesentery. Images shown are from mCherry channel (red; left column) and DIR channel (green; middle column). The merged images (right column) demonstrate the best colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals (white arrow) in animals that received DIR-RGD-NP. A representative animal for each delivery system is shown; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP). Source: Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model by Alvero et al., Scientific Reports, Jan. 2017.

Figure 4. Enhanced retention and better colocalization in vivo with DIR-RGD-NP. Upon establishment of tumors (ROI~40,000), mice were given four doses of soluble DIR, DIR-NP, or DIR-RGD-NP given every other day. mCherry (red) and DIR (green) fluorescent images were obtained in live animals at designated time points 24 h after the 4th dose. Images shown are merged images demonstrating the best colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals (yellow) in animals that received DIR-RGD-NP. A representative animal for each delivery system is shown; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP). Source: Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model by Alvero et al., Scientific Reports, Jan. 2017.

Figure 5. Staining and delineation of tumors and tumor-associated vasculature by DIR-RGD-NP. Upon establishment of tumors (ROI~40,000), mice were given four doses of DIR-RGD-NP given every other day (n = 12). (A–D) Gross tumors appear distinctly stained compared to the intestines. Staining is specific to tumor-associated vasculature (white arrow), which can be easily contrasted to the normal vasculature (yellow arrow); (E,F) Tumors under the diaphragm are likewise stained; (F) Micrometastasis (blue arrow) is visible due to DIR-stained vessels (white arrow) and is contrasted against normal vessels (yellow arrow). Source: Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model by Alvero et al., Scientific Reports, Jan. 2017.

Specificity of detection is maintained with one time dosing of DIR-RGD-NP. (A) Upon establishment of tumors (ROI~40,000), mice were given a single dose of DIR-RGD-NP (“higher dose” indicated in Table 1; n = 4). Stereoscopic images show detection of micrometastasis by white light. White arrows point to micrometastasis. M, mesentery; I, instestines. (B) i, <em>Ex vivo</em> imaging and colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals in dissected tumors; ii, quantification of DIR intensity and penetration in cross-sectioned tumors. Source: <strong>Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model</strong> by Alvero et al., <em>Scientific Reports</em>, Jan. 2017.

Figure 6. Specificity of detection is maintained with one time dosing of DIR-RGD-NP. (A) Upon establishment of tumors (ROI~40,000), mice were given a single dose of DIR-RGD-NP (“higher dose” indicated in Table 1; n = 4). Stereoscopic images show detection of micrometastasis by white light. White arrows point to micrometastasis. M, mesentery; I, instestines. (B) i, Ex vivo imaging and colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals in dissected tumors; ii, quantification of DIR intensity and penetration in cross-sectioned tumors. Source: Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model by Alvero et al., Scientific Reports, Jan. 2017.

Delineation of tumor-associated vasculature with DIR-RGD-NP. (A) Delineation of tumor vascularity. White light image of tumors showing the outline of tumor-associated vasculature only when dye was administered in RGD-coated nanoparticles; (B) <em>Ex vivo</em> imaging and colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals in dissected tumors (from top: 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm in size); (C) Quantification of DIR MFI, data shows mean ± SEM, *p < 0.002 compared to soluble DIR and p < 0.0237 compared to DIR-NP; (D) Quantification of DIR intensity and penetration in cross-sectioned tumors; a representative animal for each delivery system is shown in A, B, and D; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP). Source: <strong>Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model</strong> by Alvero et al., <em>Scientific Reports</em>, Jan. 2017.

Figure 7. Delineation of tumor-associated vasculature with DIR-RGD-NP. (A) Delineation of tumor vascularity. White light image of tumors showing the outline of tumor-associated vasculature only when dye was administered in RGD-coated nanoparticles; (B) Ex vivo imaging and colocalization of mCherry and DIR signals in dissected tumors (from top: 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm in size); (C) Quantification of DIR MFI, data shows mean ± SEM, *p < 0.002 compared to soluble DIR and p < 0.0237 compared to DIR-NP; (D) Quantification of DIR intensity and penetration in cross-sectioned tumors; a representative animal for each delivery system is shown in A, B, and D; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP). Source: Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model by Alvero et al., Scientific Reports, Jan. 2017.

Identification of micrometastasis by white light. Stereoscopic images comparing specificity and sensitivity of the described nanoparticle platform (full data in Table 2). Squared area and white arrows point to micrometastasis. M, mesentery; I, intestines; a representative animal for each delivery system is shown; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP). Source: <strong>Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model</strong> by Alvero et al., <em>Scientific Reports</em>, Jan. 2017.

Figure 8. Identification of micrometastasis by white light. Stereoscopic images comparing specificity and sensitivity of the described nanoparticle platform (full data in Table 2). Squared area and white arrows point to micrometastasis. M, mesentery; I, intestines; a representative animal for each delivery system is shown; (n = 4 for soluble DIR and DIR-NP; n = 12 for DIR-RGD-NP). Source: Novel approach for the detection of intraperitoneal micrometastasis using an ovarian cancer mouse model by Alvero et al., Scientific Reports, Jan. 2017.

Figure 9. Chemical structure for DiR iodide [1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide]

Citations

View all 135 citations: Citation Explorer

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Journal: Antioxidants (2023): 588

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A novel micellar carrier to reverse multidrug resistance of tumours: TPGS derivatives with end-grafted cholesterol
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Apoptotic neutrophil-mediated inflammatory microenvironment regulation for the treatment of ARDS
Authors: Liu, Xiong and Qiao, Qi and Li, Xiaonan and Ou, Xiangjun and Cui, Kexin and Niu, Boning and Yang, Conglian and Kong, Li and Zhang, Zhiping
Journal: Nano Today (2023): 101946

Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells combined with PPCNg facilitate injured endometrial regeneration
Authors: Huang, Jiayue and Zhang, Wenwen and Yu, Jie and Gou, Yating and Liu, Nizhou and Wang, Tingting and Sun, Congcong and Wu, Benyuan and Li, Changjiang and Chen, Xinpei and others,
Journal: Stem cell research \& therapy (2022): 1--20

Improved Therapeutic Efficacy of CBD with Good Tolerance in the Treatment of Breast Cancer through Nanoencapsulation and in Combination with 20 (S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD)
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Journal: Pharmaceutics (2022): 1533

The anti-tumor and renoprotection study of E-[c (RGDfK) 2]/folic acid co-modified nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride/salvianolic acid A
Authors: Zhang, Bing and Zhang, Ying and Dang, Wenli and Xing, Bin and Yu, Changxiang and Guo, Pan and Pi, Jiaxin and Deng, Xiuping and Qi, Dongli and Liu, Zhidong
Journal: Journal of nanobiotechnology (2022): 1--20

Co-delivery of fucoxanthin and Twist siRNA using hydroxyethyl starch-cholesterol self-assembled polymer nanoparticles for triple-negative breast cancer synergistic therapy
Authors: Wu, Zeliang and Tang, Yuxiang and Chen, Zhaozhao and Feng, Yuao and Yu, Dianwen and Hu, Hang and Liu, Hui and Chen, Wei and Hu, Yu and Xu, Rong
Journal: (2022)

Evasion of the accelerated blood clearance phenomenon by branched PEG lipid derivative coating of nanoemulsions
Authors: Liu, Min and Zhao, Dan and Yan, Na and Li, Jie and Zhang, Hongxia and Liu, Mengyang and Tang, Xueying and Liu, Xinrong and Deng, Yihui and Song, Yanzhi and others,
Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics (2022): 121365

Enhanced tumor accumulation and therapeutic efficacy of liposomal drugs through over-threshold dosing
Authors: Ao, Hui and Wang, Zhuo and Lu, Likang and Ma, Hongwei and Li, Haowen and Fu, Jingxin and Li, Manzhen and Han, Meihua and Guo, Yifei and Wang, Xiangtao
Journal: Journal of nanobiotechnology (2022): 1--14

References

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Regional cardiac ganglia projections in the guinea pig heart studied by postmortem DiI tracing
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Afferent and efferent connections of the cerebellum of the chondrostean Acipenser baeri: a carbocyanine dye (DiI) tracing study
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A novel morphological technique to investigate a single climbing fibre synaptogenesis with a Purkinje cell in the developing mouse cerebellum: DiI injection into the inferior cerebellar peduncle
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Retinal ganglion cells resistant to advanced glaucoma: a postmortem study of human retinas with the carbocyanine dye DiI
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Projection pattern of nerve fibers from the septal organ: DiI-tracing studies with transgenic OMP mice
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