Chromosomes perform several important functions. The most significant function of chromosomes is to transmit DNA, which is the basic genetic material, from one generation to the next. In addition to being responsible for observed traits, DNA is also crucial for other processes such as protein synthesis, gene regulation, and cellular replication. Chromosomes play an important role in maintaining the integrity of DNA, by condensing the DNA thereby preventing it from getting entangled or damaged. Another important function of chromosomes is to assist in the growth, repair, reproduction, and regeneration process, which are essential for an organism’s survival. Chromosomes are covered in histone and non-histone proteins, which help in regulating gene expression. During cell division, spindle fibers that are attached to the centromere of chromosome contract, ensuring that genetic material (DNA) is precisely distributed between the daughter nuclei. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes that precisely code for multiple proteins present in the body.