What are the limitations of fed-batch culture?

There are various limitations of fed-batch culture. One drawback is that before starting the cultivation of microbes, it's necessary to analyze them to understand their needs, productivity potential, and physiology. Another limitation is implementing advanced process control or requiring more labor can increase the costs associated with the process. A third drawback is to effectively monitor and control the fermentation process, the quantities of various components must be sufficiently high to be detected by measurement equipment. Additionally, developing and optimizing the fermentation process requires significant expertise from the individuals. Lastly, careful planning is essential when designing a cyclic fed-batch culture to prevent harmful toxin buildup and ensure all necessary nutrients are available, especially if multiple cycles are conducted.