Hybrids can be detected after nucleic acid hybridization in several ways by radioisotopes, chemiluminescent, enzymes, or fluorescent labels attached to the probe. 

• When using a radiolabeled DNA probe, the DNA is first heated to 95°C, separating it into single strands. Then, the radiolabeled probe is introduced, and the temperature is lowered to 65°C, allowing the probe to bind to complementary sequences in the DNA, forming double-stranded molecules. The radioactive probe attached to the target sequences can be detected, indicating the presence of the desired DNA sequence. 
• Enzymes like horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP) can be conjugated to the DNA probe. Substrates specific to these enzymes are added, and upon enzyme-substrate interaction, a detectable color or luminescent signal is generated. 
• Fluorescent dyes or fluorophorescan be conjugated to the DNA probe, allowing visualization under a fluorescence microscope or detection using a fluorescence reader. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) utilizes fluorescent reporters for DNA hybrid detection. 
• Chemiluminescent moleculessuch as luminol or acridinium esters can be attached to the DNA probe. Upon hybridization with the target DNA, a chemical reaction occurs, emitting light that can be detected using a luminometer.